Note: APA 6th specifies that secondary citations should ONLY be used where the original is unavailable (for example, out-of-print). Wherever possible, read and cite the original source. Show
If the original source is not available, ONLY include the details of the source you actually read. In the example below, the original source would be Farrow (1968), which you saw cited in a paper by Ward and Decan (1988). Citation examples... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988). Citing legislation or legal casesThe way you cite legislation or legal cases depends on whether you read the actual legislation or read about it in another source. If it is the latter, the legislation/case should be treated as a secondary source. Rule - LegislationThe title of the leglslation and the year (jurisdiction). Note: include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations Citation examplesThe Medical Treatment Act 1988 (Vic) states...... by virtue of s. 25.1 of the Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth)..... ..."A restrictive intervention may only be used on a person....." (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 105) as a secondary source ....Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Vic) (as cited in Creighton & Rozen, 2007) Rule - CasesThe title of the case (year). Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations. Citation examplesAccording to the case of Rogers v Whitaker (1992)..... as a secondary source .....Chappel v Hart (1988) (as cited in Forrester & Griffiths, 2010) Websites (but not a specific document on that site)RuleWhen citing an entire website it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. No reference list entry required. Citation examplesApple is one of the most visited consumer technology websites in the world (http://www.apple.com). Web page, authorRuleFamily name and year of publication. Citation examplesIn a recent article on the role of quantitative analysts Loeper (2019) states… Or The role of quantitative analysts has been recently reviewed (Loeper, 2019) Web page with corporate authorRuleOrganisation name and year of publication. Citation examplesA webpage regarding educational programs and discounts offered by Samsung (2019) states… Or Extensive information on education programs and discounts are offered by one of the world’s largest telecommunications companies (Samsung, 2019) Web page, unknown authorRuleGive the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article use double quotation marks. Also include the year of publication. Citation examplesAn Australian government agency recommend checking rainwater tanks in Queensland (“Unsealed rainwater tanks”, 2019). In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body text. They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper. APA in-text citations consist of the author’s last name and publication year. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. 39–41). Generate accurate APA citations with ScribbrWebpage Book Video Journal article Online news article
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Cite The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation
Cite The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation
Cite The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation
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APA in-text citations explained in 4 minutesParenthetical vs. narrative citationsThe in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence.
The publication year appears directly after the author’s name when using the narrative format. The parenthetical citation can be placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period. Check out a full example paragraph with in-text citations. APA in-text citations with multiple authorsIf a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”. Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and are abbreviated in subsequent citations. Multiple authors in APA in-text citationsAuthor typeParentheticalNarrativeOne author(Harris, 2020)Harris (2020)Two authors(Harris & Cook, 2020)Harris and Cook (2020)Three or more authors(Harris et al., 2020)Harris et al. (2020)Group authors(Scribbr, 2020)Scribbr (2020)Abbreviated group author
(CDC, 2020) CDC (2020) No author, date or page numberMissing information in APA in-text citationsUnknown elementSolutionIn-text citationAuthorUse the source title.(Source Title, 2020)DateWrite “n.d.” for “no date”.(Harris, n.d.)Page numberUse an alternative locator oromit the page number.(Harris, 2020, 03:46) or (Harris, 2020) No authorIf the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or government responsible for creating the content. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry). The costs of solar energy have decreased by 34% in the past three years (Tesla, 2020).Alternatively, use the source title in place of the author. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases, which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks. Apply title case capitalization, and shorten long titles. The first word of the title should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry.
No publication dateIf the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation. (Johnson, n.d.).No page number (alternative locators)Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator, such as:
Note that Bible citations always use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available: (English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Josh. 2:7)Multiple sources in one parenthesisIf a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon. When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma. Several studies have replicated these results (Brown, 2009; Porter, 2004; Smith, 2015, 2017).Avoiding ambiguity in APA in-text citationsWhen in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below. Ambiguity in APA in-text citationsSituationSolutionIn-text citationMultiple works by the same author in the same year.Add a lowercase letter after the year.(Cooper, 2018a)(Cooper, 2018b)Different authors with the same last name.Include the authors’ initials.(H. Taylor, 2019) (B. J. Taylor, 2016)Multiple works with 3+ authors that shorten to the same form (i.e., same first author(s) and date).Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations.(Cooper, Lee, et al., 2015) (Cooper, Ross, et al., 2015) Citing indirect sources (“as cited in”)If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source. However, if you cannot find the original source, you should cite it through the secondary source that led you to it, using the phrase “as cited in”. (Parker, 1978, as cited in Bloom et al., 2017)If the publication date of the primary source is unknown, include only the year of publication of the secondary source. Porter (as cited in Johnson, 2017) states that…Only include a reference entry for the secondary source, not the primary source. Citing personal communicationPersonal communications, such as phone calls, emails, and interviews, are not included in the reference list because readers can’t access them. The in-text citation is also formatted slightly differently. Include the initials and last name of the person you communicated with, the words “personal communication,” and the exact date in parentheses. Sales are declining in the second quarter (P. G. Brown, personal communication, June 13, 2019).General mentions of websites and softwareGeneral mentions of a website or software don’t have to be cited with an in-text citation or entry in the reference list. Instead, incorporate relevant information into the running text.
Example paragraph with in-text citationsAdapted example paragraphBody image issues have been widely associated with social media usage, particularly in young women (Perloff, 2014). The relation between media depictions and body image concerns is well-established; a meta-analysis by Grabe et al. (2008) concluded that exposure to mass media is linked to body image dissatisfaction among women. Several empirical studies have focused on Facebook usage in adolescent girls (Meier & Gray, 2014; Tiggermann & Slater, 2013), while a systematic review by Holland and Timmerman (2016) established a relationship between social networking and body image for both women and men. Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat does an APA in-text citation for a website look like? When citing a webpage or online article, the APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and year of publication. For example: (Worland & Williams, 2015). Note that the author can also be an organization. For example: (American Psychological Association, 2019). If you’re quoting you should also include a locator. Since web pages don’t have page numbers, you can use one of the following options:
How do I cite a source with an unknown author or publication date in APA? No authorInstead of the author’s name, include the first few words of the work’s title in the in-text citation. Enclose the title in double quotation marks when citing an article, web page or book chapter. Italicize the title of periodicals, books, and reports. No publication dateIf the publication date is unknown, use “n.d.” (no date) instead. For example: (Johnson, n.d.). When should I use “et al.” in APA in-text citations? The abbreviation “et al.” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors. Here’s how it works: Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018). When should I include a page number in an APA in-text citation? Always include page numbers in the APA in-text citation when quoting a source. Don’t include page numbers when referring to a work as a whole – for example, an entire book or journal article. If your source does not have page numbers, you can use an alternative locator such as a timestamp, chapter heading or paragraph number. How do I cite multiple sources by the same author in APA Style? If you cite several sources by the same author or group of authors, you’ll distinguish between them in your APA in-text citations using the year of publication. If you cite multiple sources by the same author(s) at the same point, you can just write the author name(s) once and separate the different years with commas, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021). To distinguish between sources with the same author(s) and the same publication year, add a different lowercase letter after the year for each source, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021a, 2021b). Add the same letters to the corresponding reference entries. How do I cite an indirect source in APA Style? (“as cited in”) In an APA in-text citation, you use the phrase “as cited in” if you want to cite a source indirectly (i.e., if you cannot find the original source). Parenthetical citation: (Brown, 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) On the reference page, you only include the secondary source (Mahone, 2018). Should I place the in-text citation before or after the period? An APA in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence.
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